The ancient mining China

原始社会时期以利用石料矿产制作工具为特征，始称石器时代，并划分为旧石器时代和新石器时代。根据考古学家的研究，中华民族的祖先在旧石器时代从"巫山人"（距今约200万年）、"元谋人"（距今约170万年）起，到"蓝田人"（距今约60万年）、"北京人"（距今约50万年）就开始利用石片、石块等石料矿产制作石器工具来采集食物和抵御毒虫猛兽的袭击。这个阶段属于旧石器时代。到了新石器时代，石料矿产的利用更为广泛，制作的工具也更为实用精巧，除石刀、石箭外，还有石斧、石镰、石犁等，表明锄耕农业开始向犁耕农业过渡。新石器时代在矿业开发利用方面的最大贡献，就是开发利用黏土、陶土等非金属矿产为原料来烧制陶器。另外，对玉石矿产、铜矿和煤矿的利用。 从夏代开始了我国古代史中的奴隶社会。自然铜的利用开始向青铜器过渡，并逐渐达到繁荣，之后又向铁器时代过渡。到战国时期，铁器的使用已很普遍。 在先秦时期，除了开发某些非金属矿产外，对铜、铁、银、锡、铅、汞等矿产也进行了不同程度的开发。煤炭也已被人们所认识和利用。秦汉时期，随着国家的统一，经济的发展与管理的加强，矿业因摆脱战国后期的战乱影响而逐步恢复，盐矿和铁、铜、金、银、铅、锡、汞等的开采进入一个兴盛时期。魏晋时期，煤炭已用作生活燃料，人们也已懂得将石油作燃料用于战争中的火攻。 隋唐时期是我国古代矿业的繁荣时期。除了金属矿产的开发利用出现了一个高峰外，盐业的生产也有很大的发展。隋唐矿政的一个重要特点是全力发展铜矿并将采矿权全部收归国有。 经过五代时期由于战乱而导致矿业的萧条之后，宋元明清几个朝代的矿业继续发展。煤在宋代已成为人们日常生活和手工业较为普遍使用的燃料，山西已有很多人以采煤为生。煤炭已成为国计民生的重要资源。 综观我国矿业发展历史，可以看出，古代矿业活动经历了由认识不自觉到比较自觉，又低级到高级，又简单到复杂的发展过程。其基 本特点为：1、中国是开发利用矿产资源历史最为悠久的少数几个国家之一；2、我国古代开发利用的矿产数量众多；3、我国古代矿业活动地理分布既相当广泛，又很不平衡，时间分布也是如此。

The primitive society period to make tools for the stone mineral, was known as the stone age, and is divided into the old stone age and the new stone age. According to archaeologists, the ancestor of the Chinese nation in the old stone age from the "Wushan" (about 2000000 years ago), "Yuanmou" (about 1700000 years ago), to "Lantian" (about 600000 years ago), "Beijing" (about 500000 years ago) began to lee stone mineral making stone tools to collect food and resist insect beast with stone, stone attacks. This stage of the old stone age. In the Neolithic age, the stone mineral more widely, making tools but also more practical exquisite, in addition to stone knives, stone arrow, and stone axes, stone sickle, Shi Li, showed that the hoe agriculture began to transition to the plow agriculture. The development and utilization of mining maximum contributions in the Neolithic age, is the development of non metal mineral as raw material to firing pottery clay, clay, etc.. In addition, the jade mineral, copper and coal mine. From the Xia Dynasty started China's ancient history of the slave society. The use of natural copper bronze began to transition, and gradually achieve prosperity, after the transition to the iron age. In the Warring States period, the use of iron has been very common. In the pre Qin period, in addition to the development of some nonmetallic mineral, copper, iron, silver, tin, lead, mercury and other minerals are also carried out with varying degrees of development. Coal has been recognized and used by the. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the unification of the country, and strengthen the development and management of the economy, mining because of the war from the late Warring States period and the effect of gradual recovery, salt and iron, copper, gold, silver, lead, tin, mercury and other mining into a period of prosperity. The Wei and Jin Dynasties, coal has been used as a fuel for life, people also know how to have oil as fuel for the fire attack in the war. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties is the period of prosperity of ancient China's mining industry. In addition to the development and utilization of metal mineral appeared a peak, salt production also has the very big development. An important feature of the Sui and Tang Dynasties is the full development of copper mining and mining rights all nationalized. After Five Dynasties period because of the war caused mining depression, Ming and Qing Dynasties continued development of the mining industry. Coal has become the people daily life and industry more commonly used fuel in the Song Dynasty, Shanxi has a lot of people in coal for a living. Coal has become important resources of beneficial to the people's livelihood. In China's mining development history, we can see, the ancient mining activity experienced by the unconscious cognition compared to consciously, and the low level to the high level, the development process and simple to complex. Its basic features are: 1, China exploitation and utilization of mineral resources is one of the few countries with a long history; 2, the quantity of mineral resources development and utilization of ancient China; 3, the ancient mining activities in China is quite broad geographical distribution, is very uneven, so is the time distribution.